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6502 - Assembly, Computers & Technologies,6502 Technology

Technologies

6502 - Assembly, Computers & Technologies (ACT)

Why Choose 6502

6502 is a good choice for people who want to study the assembly language or the architecture of a microcontroller:

6502 is not a new technology, instead, it has been developed for more than 20 years. However, 6502 is cheap and simple. Moreover, learning 6502 assembly language is easier than most of the other microcontroller.  If you want to learn the assembly language, 6502 is a good options for you.
 
About the 6502 Technology and its operation

6502 is one of the most famous series of low cost 8 bit CPU.  In 1970s, 6502 processors are regarded as VLSI which have about 4,000 transistors per chip. A 6502 processor is 8-bit processor. Since the manufacturing cost of the products using 6502 are low, this technology bought us the age of "Home Computer Revolution" in 1980s. 6502 home computers such as: Commodore RadioShack TRS-80, Commodore PET, Apple II, BBC Micro, Atari 800XL, etc were appeared in consumer market in 1980s.  Many people using 6502 home computers are now leaders in the IT industries.  One of the characteristics of 6502 processor is that it has only a few internal registers that allow addressing 64Kb of memory. The 6502 processor is also regarded as "Little Endian". "Little Endian" requires the representation of addresses of 6502 to be in the format of "least significant byte first". The 6502 instruction-set also included a set of binary coded decimal (BCD) instructions under the "Decimal Mode" of the 6502 processor.
 
The followings are some operation specification of a 6502 processor:
  • Power supply of a 6502 processor: 5V 
  • Clock speed of a 6502 processor: 1Mz or 2Mz
  • A 6502 processor is compatible to bi-directional data bus
  • A 6502 processor can select either external clock or "on-chip" clock
  • Two on-chip clock option for a 6502 processor: 
    • External Single clock input
    • Crystal time base input
  • Provides maskable and non-maskable interrupt for a normal 6502 processor
For the complete analysis of the 6502 technology, you can see our page: 6502 technology or you can find more information in wikipedia about 6502.


About the website of 6502 Assembly

This website not only provide the basic of programming 6502 Assembly, it also provides the background of 6502 Family microprocessor.  To learn the 6502 Assembly language, first of all, you should be familiarize the 6502 opcode. Here is some links for material related to studying the technology of 6502:
  1. 6502 Architecture
  2. 6502 Instruction set
  3. 6502 Code Examples
  4. Glossary

Characteristics of 6502 Assembly Language


The instruction set of 6502 consists of only 56 Mnemoics and  the amount is small when comparing to most of the microprocessor nowadays. There are 150 6502 opcodes corresponding to those 56 different 6502 mnemoics. It's better if you can have a look about the 6502 opcode table first.

 
Categorization of 6502 Instruction Set
The following is the 6502 Instruction-set listed by different categorizations:
  1. Memory operations
  2. Register transfer operations
  3. Stack operations
  4. Logical operations
  5. Arithmetic operations
  6. Bit Manipulation operations
  7. Subroutine related operations
  8. Comparison operations
  9. Branching operations
  10. Status setting and System related operations
 
Experiement Board of 6502
 

6502 Computers

The followings are common 6502 Computers:
  • Commodore RadioShack TRS-80, 
  • Commodore PET, 
  • Apple II, 
  • BBC Micro,
  • Atari 800XL 
 
Online Resources about 6502
  1. http://www.6502.org  : It is a comprehensive resource of 6502, recommend for all beginners.
  2. http://visual6502.org/JSSim/ : It is a nice 6502 simulator written in Javascript.
  3. http://6502org.wikidot.com/ : This wiki is also related to 6502, it is a good resource too.
  4. http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/ : If you want to learn 6502 assembly language, it is a website recommended for you.
  5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HW9AWBFH1sA : Video about 6502 reverse engineering
 
 
Apple II emulators
To learn the 6502 assembly language, you can write you own code and run it in any Apple II emulator, here is some recommendation for you:
    1. Applewin 1.20.0
    2. Apple II Applet
    3. Virtual II
 
 
Looking for something different?
  1. Gene ID 6502: SKP2 S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 [Home Sapiens]
  2. Stock Quote of Toshiba

 

 




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